Question 1: Define aerobic exercise and explain how it differs from anaerobic exercise in terms of energy production.

Answer: Aerobic exercise is physical activity that relies on oxygen to produce energy, typically sustained over a longer period, such as running or cycling. It differs from anaerobic exercise, which does not require oxygen and involves short bursts of intense activity, like sprinting or heavy lifting, where energy is produced through anaerobic means.

Question 2: List three physiological effects of aerobic exercise on the cardiovascular system.

Answer: 1. Increased heart rate and stroke volume. 2. Improved efficiency of the heart and lungs. 3. Reduced blood pressure and resting heart rate over time.

Question 3: Describe what happens in the muscles during anaerobic exercise at the cellular level.

Answer: During anaerobic exercise, muscles generate energy through glycolysis, breaking down glucose without oxygen. This process produces lactic acid as a byproduct, which can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.

Question 4: Explain why aerobic exercise is beneficial for long-term health compared to anaerobic exercise.

Answer: Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular health, increases endurance, aids weight management, and reduces risks of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes, making it beneficial for long-term health.

Question 5: Identify two energy systems involved in anaerobic exercise and briefly describe their roles.

Answer: The ATP-PC system provides immediate energy for short, high-intensity efforts by using stored phosphocreatine. The Glycolytic system breaks down glucose without oxygen to produce ATP quickly for activities lasting up to a few minutes.

Question 6: How does the body recover after anaerobic exercise? Include specific physiological processes.

Answer: Recovery involves replenishing stored phosphocreatine, clearing lactic acid through oxidation, and restoring oxygen levels in muscles. The body also repairs muscle microtears caused by intense activity.

Question 7: Sketch a simple diagram showing the main differences between aerobic and anaerobic energy production pathways. Label the components clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict two pathways: one labeled 'Aerobic' showing oxygen entering the mitochondria, with arrows indicating glucose and oxygen producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy; the other labeled 'Anaerobic' showing glucose breaking down into lactic acid without oxygen, producing less energy.

Question 8: Describe a scenario where a person would primarily use anaerobic energy systems during a sport or activity.

Answer: A sprinter running a 100-meter race relies mainly on anaerobic energy systems to produce quick bursts of energy over a few seconds.

Question 9: Explain the role of the mitochondria in aerobic exercise.

Answer: Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs, converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP, the energy source for sustained muscular activity.

Question 10: Identify one limitation of anaerobic exercise and suggest how it can be managed in a training program.

Answer: A limitation is the accumulation of lactic acid, which causes fatigue. To manage this, training can include gradual intensity increases and recovery periods to improve lactate tolerance.