Question 1: Describe the main functions of the human skeletal system.

Answer: The skeletal system provides support and shape to the body, protects vital organs, enables movement by acting as a point of attachment for muscles, produces blood cells in the marrow, and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Question 2: Identify and name three types of bones found in the human body, giving an example of each.

Answer: Long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), and flat bones (e.g., skull).

Question 3: Explain the difference between axial and appendicular skeletons. Provide two examples of bones from each category.

Answer: The axial skeleton includes bones that form the central axis of the body, such as the skull and spine. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the limbs and girdles, such as the clavicle and femur.

Question 4: Describe the structure of a long bone and explain how it contributes to movement and support.

Answer: A long bone consists of a shaft called the diaphysis made of compact bone, with two ends called epiphyses that contain spongy bone. The diaphysis provides support and leverage for movement, while the epiphyses contain growth plates and help absorb impact.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a human long bone in cross-section. Label the diaphysis, epiphysis, marrow cavity, and periosteum.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a tubular bone with the outer layer labeled as periosteum, the central hollow cavity as the marrow cavity, and the ends as epiphyses. The shaft should be labeled as diaphysis.

Question 6: Explain how the skeletal system and muscular system work together to produce movement.

Answer: The skeletal system provides the rigid framework, while the muscular system attaches to bones via tendons. When muscles contract, they pull on bones, creating movement at joints.

Question 7: List and describe two common types of joints found in the human body, including an example of each.

Answer: Hinge joints (e.g., elbow) allow movement in one direction, like opening and closing. Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder) allow movement in multiple directions and rotation.

Question 8: Identify two injuries related to the skeletal system and briefly describe how they occur.

Answer: Fractures occur when a bone breaks due to trauma or impact. Dislocations occur when bones at a joint are forced out of their normal position, often caused by a fall or blow.

Question 9: Sketch a diagram of the human vertebral column. In your sketch, indicate the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.

Answer: A correct sketch should depict a curved column with the cervical region at the top, followed by the thoracic, and then the lumbar regions. Each section should be labeled accordingly.

Question 10: Discuss the importance of calcium and vitamin D for maintaining healthy bones.

Answer: Calcium is essential for bone strength and density, while vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium effectively. Adequate intake of both nutrients prevents conditions like osteoporosis.