Question 1: Describe two technological innovations that significantly contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Explain how each innovation impacted manufacturing or transportation.

Answer: Possible answers include the spinning jenny and the power loom, which increased textile production; or the steam engine, which improved transportation and factory power. Explanation should include how each innovation boosted efficiency or scale.

Question 2: Identify and explain one social change that occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: An example could be the growth of urbanization, where many people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work, leading to the expansion of industrial towns and changes in living conditions.

Question 3: List two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers’ lives.

Answer: Possible effects include poor working conditions and long hours; or child labor and health hazards resulting from factory work.

Question 4: Explain why the invention of the steam engine was considered a turning point during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The steam engine allowed factories to operate more efficiently and enabled transportation improvements like steamboats and railways, which expanded markets and facilitated industrial growth.

Question 5: Describe the living conditions in industrial cities during the 19th century. Use verbal descriptions to paint a picture of urban life.

Answer: Living conditions were often overcrowded, with many people living in cramped, poorly built housing. Sanitation was poor, leading to health problems, and pollution was widespread due to factory emissions.

Question 6: Identify one key figure associated with the Industrial Revolution and briefly state their contribution.

Answer: Example: James Watt, who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and practical for widespread industrial use.

Question 7: Draw a simple sketch of a typical factory layout during the Industrial Revolution, including key features such as the main building, smokestack, and workers' entrance. Include labels for each feature.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large rectangular building with a tall smokestack attached, multiple windows, an entrance for workers, and possibly a yard or loading area. Labels should clearly identify these features.

Question 8: Compare the lives of factory workers with those of rural farmers during the early 19th century. Highlight at least two differences.

Answer: Factory workers experienced long hours, poor working conditions, and urban living, whereas rural farmers had more open space, less structured hours, and a more natural environment. Differences in lifestyle, work environment, and living conditions should be explained.

Question 9: What was the significance of the Factory Acts passed in the 19th century? Provide a brief explanation.

Answer: The Factory Acts aimed to improve working conditions, limit working hours, and protect child workers, marking early steps toward labor rights and social reform.

Question 10: Explain how transportation innovations during the Industrial Revolution helped expand trade.

Answer: Improvements such as the development of railways and steamships made it faster and cheaper to move goods over long distances, thus opening new markets and increasing trade volume.