Question 1: Explain two reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century.

Answer: Possible reasons include Britain's abundant coal and iron resources, a strong navy and trade network, a stable political system, and a large workforce due to population growth.

Question 2: Describe the impact of the invention of the spinning jenny on textile production during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The spinning jenny increased yarn production speed, reduced the need for skilled hand spinners, and contributed to the growth of factory-based textile manufacturing.

Question 3: Identify and explain two social changes that occurred as a result of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Social changes included the growth of crowded cities leading to poor living conditions and increased pollution, and the rise of a new industrial working class with distinct social and economic challenges.

Question 4: Discuss the effects of the Factory Act of 1833 on child labour conditions.

Answer: The Factory Act of 1833 limited working hours for children, improved safety standards, and mandated factory inspections, aiming to reduce child exploitation.

Question 5: Describe the working conditions typically experienced by factory workers during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Factory workers often worked long hours in unsafe, poorly ventilated environments, with little job security and low pay.

Question 6: Explain how technological innovations during the Industrial Revolution affected transportation.

Answer: Innovations like the steam engine led to the development of railways and steamships, which made transporting goods and people faster, cheaper, and more efficient.

Question 7: Sketch a simple diagram of a typical early steam engine used during the Industrial Revolution. Label the main parts: boiler, piston, and wheel.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a boiler producing steam, connected to a piston that moves back and forth, leading to a wheel driven by the piston’s motion. Labels should identify each part clearly.

Question 8: Assess the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the environment, providing two specific examples.

Answer: Examples include increased air pollution from coal burning and deforestation for timber and land expansion, leading to environmental degradation.

Question 9: Describe how the Industrial Revolution influenced the development of social classes in Britain.

Answer: It led to the growth of a wealthy industrial middle class and a large working class living in poverty, creating new social divisions.

Question 10: Explain the significance of the Luddites' protests during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The Luddites protested against the loss of jobs and poor working conditions caused by mechanization, often destroying machines in their anger.

Question 11: Summarize how the Industrial Revolution contributed to global economic changes.

Answer: It led to increased production and trade, the rise of capitalist economies, and the spread of industrialization to other parts of the world, shaping the modern global economy.