Question 1: Describe the main idea behind the theory of the Four Humours and how it influenced medical treatment in the early 19th century.

Answer: The theory of the Four Humours suggested that health depended on the balance of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Treatments aimed to restore this balance, often through bloodletting or purging.

Question 2: Explain why the invention of the stethoscope in 1816 was important for doctors.

Answer: The stethoscope allowed doctors to listen to a patient's heartbeat and breathing more accurately, improving diagnosis and understanding of illnesses.

Question 3: Identify two methods used by doctors in the 19th century to treat disease, and briefly explain each.

Answer: Bloodletting, where blood was drawn to balance humours, and purging, which involved giving patients medicines to induce vomiting or diarrhea to remove bad fluids.

Question 4: Describe how the development of anaesthesia in the mid-19th century changed surgery.

Answer: Anaesthesia allowed patients to undergo surgery without feeling pain, making operations less traumatic and more successful.

Question 5: Sketch a simple diagram of an early 19th-century hospital ward. Label three features that helped improve patient care.

Answer: A large room with beds arranged in rows, a window for ventilation, and an area for washing or sanitation. Proper ventilation, sanitation, and space are important for infection control.

Question 6: Explain the significance of Florence Nightingale's work during the Crimean War.

Answer: Florence Nightingale improved sanitation and hygiene in hospitals, which greatly reduced death rates and improved patient care.

Question 7: Describe one challenge doctors faced when trying to prevent the spread of cholera in the 19th century.

Answer: Many did not understand that cholera was spread through contaminated water, making it hard to prevent its spread.

Question 8: Draw a timeline showing three major medical discoveries or developments from the 19th century. Label each event and its date.

Answer: A timeline showing: 1816 - Invention of the stethoscope; 1846 - Discovery of anaesthesia (ether); 1854 - John Snow's work on cholera and water sources.

Question 9: How did the work of scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the late 19th century change the understanding of disease?

Answer: They discovered that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to better methods for preventing and treating infections.

Question 10: Summarise two ways in which medicine improved during the 19th century compared to earlier times.

Answer: Introduction of anesthesia made surgery painless, and the development of germ theory led to better disease prevention.