Question 1: Explain why the invention of the stethoscope by René Laennec in 1816 was important for doctors in the 19th century.

Answer: The stethoscope allowed doctors to listen to the sounds inside a patient's body, such as the heart and lungs, which improved diagnosis and understanding of illnesses.

Question 2: Describe one way in which Florence Nightingale improved healthcare during the Crimean War.

Answer: Florence Nightingale improved hygiene and sanitation in hospitals, which reduced infection and saved many soldiers' lives.

Question 3: List two reasons why the use of anaesthesia became more widespread in the 19th century.

Answer: Anaesthesia made surgeries less painful for patients, and advances in understanding its safety encouraged more surgeons to use it.

Question 4: Describe the impact of Louis Pasteur's germ theory on medicine.

Answer: Pasteur's germ theory showed that microorganisms cause disease, leading to better sterilisation, vaccination, and hygiene practices.

Question 5: Explain the significance of Joseph Lister's work with antiseptics in surgery.

Answer: Lister introduced antiseptics to kill germs during surgery, which greatly reduced infections and increased survival rates.

Question 6: Sketch a simple diagram of a Victorian hospital ward, including at least two features that improved patient care.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large room with multiple beds, windows for ventilation, and a water supply or sanitation feature.

Question 7: Identify and explain one challenge doctors faced when trying to improve medicine in the 19th century.

Answer: One challenge was the lack of understanding of germs and infection, which made it difficult to develop effective sterilisation methods.

Question 8: Describe how public health reforms in the late 1800s helped to improve the health of the population.

Answer: Reforms like improved sanitation, clean water supply, and better waste disposal reduced the spread of disease among the population.

Question 9: Explain why the discovery of X-rays in 1895 was an important breakthrough in medicine.

Answer: X-rays allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery, making diagnosis of broken bones and other conditions much easier.

Question 10: List two ways in which the understanding of disease transmission changed during the 19th century.

Answer: The understanding that germs cause disease, and that cleanliness and sterilisation can prevent infections.