Question 1: Describe the significance of Louis Pasteur's work in the development of germ theory and how it changed medical practices.

Answer: Louis Pasteur's work proved that microorganisms cause disease, leading to improved sterilization, vaccination, and hygiene practices. This shifted medicine from miasma theories to germ-based understanding, reducing infections.

Question 2: Explain how the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen impacted medical diagnosis and treatment.

Answer: X-rays allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery, improving diagnosis of broken bones and detecting tumors. This was a major breakthrough in medical imaging.

Question 3: Identify two major advancements in antibiotics and describe how they revolutionized medicine.

Answer: The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and the development of other antibiotics like streptomycin greatly reduced deaths from bacterial infections and made infections easier to treat.

Question 4: Describe the main features of the NHS when it was established in 1948 and its aim in healthcare.

Answer: The NHS provided free healthcare for all citizens funded by taxes. Its aim was to ensure everyone had access to medical treatment regardless of income.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a modern syringe used for administering vaccines. Label the key parts.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a cylindrical barrel with a plunger, a needle attached at the tip, and labels indicating the barrel, plunger, and needle.

Question 6: Explain how the development of vaccines has contributed to the control of infectious diseases in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Answer: Vaccines have helped prevent diseases like polio, measles, and influenza by stimulating immunity, reducing illness and death, and enabling the near-eradication of some diseases.

Question 7: Identify one challenge faced in modern medicine related to antibiotic resistance and suggest a possible solution.

Answer: Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to withstand medicines. A solution is developing new antibiotics and promoting responsible use to reduce resistance.

Question 8: Describe how technological advances such as MRI scans have improved the accuracy of medical diagnoses.

Answer: MRI scans produce detailed images of soft tissues, allowing precise diagnosis of conditions like brain tumors and spinal injuries without invasive procedures.

Question 9: Explain the importance of public health campaigns in controlling disease outbreaks in modern times.

Answer: Public health campaigns raise awareness about hygiene, vaccination, and disease prevention, helping to reduce the spread of infections and protect communities.