Question 1: Explain how Louis Pasteur's work contributed to the development of germ theory and its importance in modern medicine.

Answer: Louis Pasteur's experiments demonstrated that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to the acceptance of germ theory. This discovery allowed for the development of sterilization, vaccines, and improved hygiene practices, fundamentally transforming medicine.

Question 2: Describe the significance of the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen and how it impacted medical diagnosis.

Answer: Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 provided a new way to see inside the body without surgery. It revolutionized medical diagnosis by enabling doctors to identify broken bones, tumors, and other internal issues accurately.

Question 3: Identify two major advances in antibiotics during the 20th century and explain their importance.

Answer: Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming, was the first widely used antibiotic and saved many lives by treating bacterial infections. The development of other antibiotics, like streptomycin, further expanded treatment options for infectious diseases.

Question 4: Discuss the impact of the NHS's founding in 1948 on healthcare in the UK.

Answer: The NHS made healthcare free at the point of use for all UK residents, improving access to medical services. It standardized healthcare provision and increased the availability of treatments, leading to better public health outcomes.

Question 5: Draw a timeline illustrating at least four major milestones in the development of modern medicine since 1800. Label each milestone with the event and its date.

Answer: A clear timeline with four points: 1822 - Louis Pasteur's germ theory; 1895 - Wilhelm Röntgen's X-ray discovery; 1928 - Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin; 1948 - NHS founding. Each point should include the event name and year.

Question 6: Explain the role of vaccination in controlling infectious diseases in the 20th century. Provide two examples of diseases that were impacted.

Answer: Vaccination helps prevent infectious diseases by training the immune system. Smallpox was eradicated through vaccination, and polio cases decreased significantly due to widespread immunization programs.

Question 7: Identify and describe one ethical issue associated with the development of modern medical treatments.

Answer: One ethical issue is the use of stem cell research, which raises concerns about the destruction of human embryos and the moral implications of manipulating human life for medical advances.

Question 8: Sketch a diagram showing how a modern MRI machine works. Label the main components involved in producing an image of the inside of the body.

Answer: A correct sketch would include a large cylindrical magnet, a patient lying inside, radio wave emitters, and detectors. Labels should identify the magnet, radio waves, and detectors, illustrating how they interact to produce images.

Question 9: Evaluate the impact of technological innovations on the quality of patient care since 1950.

Answer: Technological innovations like ultrasound, MRI, and robotic surgery have improved diagnosis accuracy, reduced recovery times, and increased the safety of procedures, leading to better patient outcomes and higher standards of care.

Question 10: What are the main challenges faced by modern medicine today? Provide two examples.

Answer: Main challenges include antibiotic resistance, which makes infections harder to treat, and managing the rising costs of new treatments, which can limit access for some patients.