Question 1: Describe how the development of antiseptics by Joseph Lister changed surgical practice in the late 19th century.

Answer: Lister's introduction of antiseptics such as carbolic acid significantly reduced infections during surgery, leading to safer procedures and lower mortality rates. This marked a major advancement in surgical hygiene.

Question 2: Explain the significance of the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 for medical diagnosis.

Answer: X-rays allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery, improving diagnosis of broken bones, tumors, and other conditions, thus transforming medical treatment.

Question 3: Identify two major vaccines developed in the 20th century and explain their impact on public health.

Answer: The polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin drastically reduced polio cases worldwide and has nearly eradicated the disease. The MMR vaccine helped control measles, mumps, and rubella, preventing widespread outbreaks.

Question 4: Describe the purpose of antibiotics and give an example of a commonly used antibiotic.

Answer: Antibiotics are medicines that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, treating bacterial infections. An example is penicillin, which was the first widely used antibiotic.

Question 5: Explain how the discovery of insulin transformed treatment for diabetes.

Answer: The discovery of insulin allowed diabetics to manage their blood sugar levels effectively, transforming a previously fatal disease into a manageable condition and saving many lives.

Question 6: Sketch a simple diagram to show how a modern blood pressure monitor works. Label the main parts involved.

Answer: A correct sketch would show an inflatable cuff placed around the arm, connected to a gauge and a sensor that detects blood flow. Labels should include cuff, gauge, and sensor.

Question 7: Discuss the impact of the Human Genome Project on modern medicine.

Answer: The Human Genome Project mapped all human genes, leading to personalized medicine, better understanding of genetic diseases, and targeted treatments.

Question 8: Why was the development of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) important for diagnosing medical conditions?

Answer: MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues without surgery or radiation, allowing accurate diagnosis of brain, spinal cord, and joint problems.

Question 9: Identify a challenge faced by modern medicine in dealing with antibiotic resistance.

Answer: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to bacteria evolving resistance, making some infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread.

Question 10: Explain the significance of public health campaigns in reducing the spread of infectious diseases in modern times.

Answer: Public health campaigns raise awareness, promote vaccination, improve hygiene, and encourage healthy behaviors, thereby reducing disease transmission.