Question 1: Describe how the discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur in the 19th century changed the way diseases were prevented and treated.

Answer: Louis Pasteur's discovery of germs showed that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to improved sanitation, sterilization, and the development of vaccines, which greatly reduced infection rates.

Question 2: Explain the significance of the development of X-ray technology in medicine during the early 20th century.

Answer: X-ray technology allowed doctors to see inside the human body without surgery, improving diagnosis of broken bones and internal injuries, and advancing medical treatment.

Question 3: Identify two ways in which the discovery of penicillin in 1928 impacted medicine.

Answer: Penicillin provided a powerful antibiotic to treat bacterial infections, significantly reducing death rates from infections and paving the way for the development of other antibiotics.

Question 4: Describe the process of developing a new vaccine, starting from identifying a disease to vaccination.

Answer: Scientists first identify the disease-causing microorganism, then develop a vaccine using weakened or inactive forms of the pathogen or its parts. The vaccine is tested for safety and effectiveness before being mass-produced for immunization.

Question 5: Sketch a simple diagram of a modern vaccine vial and syringe. Label the key parts.

Answer: A correct sketch would include a small vial labeled 'Vaccine', a syringe with a needle, barrel, and plunger, with labels indicating each part.

Question 6: Explain how advances in medical technology have improved the treatment of heart disease in recent decades.

Answer: Advances such as the development of angioplasty, pacemakers, and improved surgical techniques have allowed for less invasive procedures, better management of heart conditions, and increased survival rates.

Question 7: Discuss the impact of antibiotics on the treatment of bacterial infections in the 20th century.

Answer: Antibiotics revolutionized infection treatment by effectively curing bacterial diseases, greatly reducing mortality and enabling complex surgeries that were previously risky.

Question 8: Describe two challenges faced when developing new medicines today.

Answer: Challenges include ensuring the safety and efficacy of new medicines through extensive testing, and the high costs and lengthy timeframes involved in research and clinical trials.

Question 9: Explain the term 'antibiotic resistance' and why it is a concern for modern medicine.

Answer: Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to survive despite antibiotic treatment, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread and death.

Question 10: Identify and describe one ethical issue related to the development or use of modern medicines.

Answer: One ethical issue is ensuring equitable access to new medicines, as high costs can prevent poorer populations from benefiting from advances in treatment.