Question 1: Explain how the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century transformed the treatment of bacterial infections.

Answer: The discovery of antibiotics, such as penicillin, revolutionized medicine by providing effective cures for bacterial infections that were previously often fatal. It led to the development of new treatments, reduced death rates, and made it possible to perform complex surgeries safely.

Question 2: Describe two ways in which the development of X-ray technology impacted medical diagnosis in the early 20th century.

Answer: X-ray technology allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery, improving diagnosis of broken bones and lung diseases. It made medical examinations quicker and more accurate, leading to better treatment plans.

Question 3: Identify and explain the significance of Louis Pasteur's contributions to modern medicine.

Answer: Louis Pasteur developed germ theory, showing that microorganisms cause disease. This discovery led to improved sterilization techniques, vaccines, and a better understanding of how to prevent infection.

Question 4: Discuss the importance of the development of vaccination programs in controlling infectious diseases in the 20th century.

Answer: Vaccination programs helped prevent the spread of diseases like polio and measles, drastically reducing their incidence. They contributed to the concept of herd immunity and saved millions of lives globally.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a modern syringe and label its main parts. Ensure your diagram is clear and accurate.

Answer: A correct sketch would include a cylindrical barrel, a plunger, a needle attached at the tip, and labels for each part. The diagram should be proportionate and neat.

Question 6: Explain the role of the National Health Service (NHS) in providing modern medical care in the UK.

Answer: The NHS provides free healthcare services to all UK residents, ensuring access to medical treatment, emergency care, and preventive services. It has improved health outcomes and reduced inequalities.

Question 7: Identify two modern surgical techniques that have improved patient outcomes and briefly describe each.

Answer: Laser surgery uses focused light to remove or treat tissues with minimal damage, leading to quicker recovery. Minimally invasive surgery involves small incisions and the use of cameras, reducing pain and scarring.

Question 8: Describe how the development of MRI technology has advanced medical diagnosis compared to earlier imaging techniques.

Answer: MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues, organs, and the brain, providing more detailed and clearer images than X-rays or CT scans, which helps in diagnosing complex conditions.

Question 9: Evaluate the impact of modern medicine on life expectancy in the UK since the 19th century.

Answer: Modern medicine has significantly increased life expectancy through vaccines, antibiotics, improved sanitation, and advanced surgical techniques. Diseases that once caused high mortality are now preventable or treatable, leading to longer, healthier lives.