Question 1: Describe the significance of Louis Pasteur's work in the development of germ theory and how it changed medical practice.

Answer: Louis Pasteur's work proved that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to better sterilization and hygiene practices in hospitals, which reduced infection rates.

Question 2: Explain how the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen impacted medical diagnosis in the early 20th century.

Answer: X-rays allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery, making diagnosis quicker and more accurate, especially for broken bones and chest problems.

Question 3: Identify two ways in which the development of antibiotics has improved treatment for bacterial infections.

Answer: Antibiotics can kill bacteria effectively, reducing death rates from infections. They also make it possible to treat previously deadly diseases, such as pneumonia and syphilis.

Question 4: Describe the process of how a modern vaccination helps to protect individuals and communities from disease.

Answer: A vaccine introduces a harmless part of a pathogen to the body, prompting the immune system to learn how to fight the real disease. This helps protect both the individual and the wider community through herd immunity.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a syringe and label its main parts, including the barrel, plunger, and needle.

Answer: Correct sketch would show a cylindrical barrel connected to a plunger at one end and a needle at the tip, with clear labels for each part.

Question 6: Explain how the development of antiseptic techniques by Joseph Lister improved surgical outcomes.

Answer: Lister used carbolic acid to sterilize surgical tools and wounds, which greatly reduced infections and increased the success rate of surgeries.

Question 7: Identify a major challenge faced by doctors before the widespread use of antibiotics and how modern medicine addressed it.

Answer: Before antibiotics, bacterial infections often led to death because there were no effective cures. The development of antibiotics provided a powerful treatment that saved many lives.

Question 8: Describe the impact of the discovery of insulin on the treatment of diabetes.

Answer: Insulin allowed people with diabetes to regulate their blood sugar levels, transforming a deadly disease into a manageable condition and saving many lives.

Question 9: Explain why modern imaging technologies, such as MRI scans, are important in diagnosing diseases today.

Answer: MRI scans produce detailed images of soft tissues inside the body, helping doctors detect and diagnose conditions like tumors, brain disorders, and joint injuries more accurately.

Question 10: Sketch a basic layout of a modern hospital operating theatre, showing key features such as the operating table, sterilization area, and equipment storage. Label the parts.

Answer: Correct sketch would show a large, clean room with an operating table in the center, nearby sterilization equipment, storage cabinets for tools, and space for medical staff to move freely. Labels should include 'Operating Table,' 'Sterilization Area,' and 'Equipment Storage.'