Question 1: Explain in your own words what the Industrial Revolution was and why it is considered a significant period in British history.

Answer: The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid technological, economic, and social change in Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It marked the shift from manual production to mechanized industry, leading to urbanization and economic growth.

Question 2: Identify two major inventions from the Industrial Revolution and describe their impact on society.

Answer: The spinning jenny increased yarn production, making textiles cheaper and more available. The steam engine improved transportation and factory power, boosting industry and trade.

Question 3: Describe the working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution. Include at least two specific features.

Answer: Factory workers often worked long hours, sometimes over 12 hours a day, in dangerous and poorly ventilated environments. Child labor was common, and workers faced low wages and strict discipline.

Question 4: Discuss how urbanization changed cities during the Industrial Revolution. Mention at least two effects on city life.

Answer: Urbanization led to rapid growth of cities, resulting in overcrowded housing and poor sanitation. It also created new job opportunities, attracting many people from rural areas.

Question 5: Name one social reform or movement that emerged as a response to the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution. Briefly explain its aim.

Answer: The Factory Acts aimed to improve working conditions by limiting working hours for children and banning child labor in factories.

Question 6: Sketch a simple layout of a typical factory during the Industrial Revolution. Include areas such as the main working floor, chimney, and worker entrance.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large rectangular building with a tall chimney on one side, multiple windows along the walls, and an entrance for workers. The interior should be depicted as a large open space with machinery.

Question 7: Explain how the invention of the steam engine contributed to the development of railways and transportation.

Answer: The steam engine provided a reliable and powerful source of motive power for locomotives, enabling faster and more efficient transport of goods and people over long distances, which stimulated trade and expansion.

Question 8: Identify two groups of people who were negatively affected by the Industrial Revolution and explain why.

Answer: Child workers faced exploitation and dangerous conditions. Rural farmers lost their traditional livelihoods as machines replaced manual farm work, leading to unemployment in the countryside.

Question 9: Compare the living conditions of the wealthy factory owners with those of the factory workers during this period.

Answer: Wealthy factory owners lived in spacious, well-maintained homes with access to amenities, while factory workers often lived in cramped, unsanitary housing with poor access to clean water and sanitation.

Question 10: Discuss one long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution on modern society.

Answer: The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern industry, technological innovation, and urban growth, which continue to shape economies and societies today.