Question 1: Describe two main factors that contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

Answer: Possible answers include: the availability of coal and iron resources, advancements in agricultural practices, a large population willing to work in factories, and a strong empire providing markets and resources.

Question 2: Explain how the invention of the spinning jenny impacted the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The spinning jenny increased yarn production speed, allowed one worker to operate multiple spindles simultaneously, and greatly improved efficiency, leading to increased textile output and reduced costs.

Question 3: Identify and describe one positive and one negative effect of the Industrial Revolution on workers' lives.

Answer: Positive effect: Improved wages and job opportunities for some workers. Negative effect: Poor working conditions, long hours, and child labor.

Question 4: Discuss the impact of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Urbanization led to the rapid growth of cities as people moved from rural areas seeking jobs. It resulted in overcrowded living conditions, pollution, and the development of new social challenges.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a typical factory during the Industrial Revolution, including at least three key features such as machinery, workers, and the building structure. Label each part.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large building with multiple windows, machinery inside (e.g., spinning frames or power looms), and several workers operating the machinery. Labels should clearly identify these features.

Question 6: What role did technological innovations play in the expansion of the Industrial Revolution? Provide two examples.

Answer: Technological innovations increased production efficiency and reduced costs. Examples include the steam engine and the power loom.

Question 7: Explain how the Industrial Revolution affected social classes in Britain.

Answer: It led to the rise of a new industrial middle class (capitalists) and increased the wealth gap between the rich and poor, with many workers facing poverty and poor living conditions.

Question 8: Identify two ways in which the government responded to the social issues caused by the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The government introduced factory acts to improve working conditions and child labor laws to limit child exploitation.

Question 9: Summarize the global impact of the Industrial Revolution beyond Britain.

Answer: It spread industrialization to other countries, transformed global trade, and contributed to imperial expansion as nations sought resources and markets.

Question 10: Evaluate whether the Industrial Revolution was more beneficial or harmful to society. Support your answer with reasons.

Answer: Students should consider both sides, e.g., benefits such as technological progress, economic growth, and improved standards of living for some, versus harms like pollution, social inequality, and poor working conditions. A balanced conclusion is expected.