Question 1: Explain two main reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century.

Answer: Possible reasons include Britain’s abundant natural resources such as coal and iron, a growing population providing labor, a stable political climate, and advancements in technology and agriculture that increased productivity.

Question 2: Describe how the invention of the spinning jenny impacted textile production during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: The spinning jenny allowed multiple spindles to be operated at once, greatly increasing the amount of yarn produced and speeding up textile manufacturing processes.

Question 3: Identify and explain two changes in society caused by the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Changes include the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to work in factories, and the rise of a new working class with different living and working conditions.

Question 4: Discuss the effects of factory work on workers’ health and living conditions during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Factory work often involved long hours in unhealthy environments, leading to health problems. Many workers lived in crowded, unsanitary housing in rapidly growing cities.

Question 5: List three technological innovations that contributed to the Industrial Revolution and briefly explain their importance.

Answer: Examples include the steam engine (powered factories and locomotives), the spinning jenny (improved textile production), and the power loom (automated weaving), all of which increased production efficiency.

Question 6: Describe how the development of railways affected trade and the movement of goods during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Railways made transporting goods faster, cheaper, and more efficient, enabling markets to expand and facilitating the distribution of raw materials and finished products.

Question 7: Sketch a simple diagram of a factory during the Industrial Revolution. Label the key parts such as the main building, chimney, and power source.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large rectangular building with a tall chimney on one side and a designated area for a water wheel or engine, illustrating the factory’s power source.

Question 8: Explain the term 'Urbanisation' and discuss how it was affected by the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: Urbanisation refers to the growth of cities. During the Industrial Revolution, rapid urbanisation occurred as people moved to cities seeking factory jobs, leading to urban overcrowding.

Question 9: Identify two positive and two negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution on society.

Answer: Positives include increased production and technological progress. Negatives include poor working conditions and environmental pollution.

Question 10: Evaluate the overall impact of the Industrial Revolution on Britain by the 19th century.

Answer: The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain into a leading industrial power, boosting economic growth and technological innovation, but it also created social inequalities, poor living conditions, and environmental issues.