Question 1: Explain two major causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain during the 18th century.

Answer: Major causes included the availability of coal and iron resources, advancements in agricultural practices freeing up labor, and an increasing demand for goods due to population growth.

Question 2: Describe how the invention of the spinning jenny impacted the textile industry.

Answer: The spinning jenny allowed one worker to spin multiple spools of thread at once, greatly increasing production speed and reducing the cost of textiles.

Question 3: Identify and explain one positive and one negative effect of the Industrial Revolution on urban populations.

Answer: Positive: Increased job opportunities and economic growth. Negative: Overcrowded living conditions and poor sanitation leading to health problems.

Question 4: Compare the working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution to those in rural agricultural work.

Answer: Factory work often involved long hours, low pay, and dangerous environments, whereas rural agricultural work was seasonal and physically demanding but often less hazardous.

Question 5: Discuss the role of technological innovation in shaping the Industrial Revolution, providing two specific examples.

Answer: Technological innovations such as the steam engine and power loom increased production efficiency and transformed industries by enabling mechanization and faster manufacturing processes.

Question 6: Draw a simple diagram of a typical early factory layout, indicating where workers, machines, and storage areas might be located.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large rectangular building with rows of machines, designated areas for workers along the machines, and storage space at one end.

Question 7: Evaluate the impact of the Industrial Revolution on social classes, particularly the rise of the bourgeoisie and the working class.

Answer: The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of a wealthy bourgeoisie who owned factories and capital, while the working class expanded as laborers faced poor working and living conditions.

Question 8: Identify two reforms introduced in response to the social issues caused by industrialization and briefly explain their purpose.

Answer: Reforms included factory acts to improve working hours and safety, and the Public Health Act to address sanitation and health in urban areas.

Question 9: Describe how transportation developments during the Industrial Revolution affected trade and the movement of goods.

Answer: The development of railways and steamships made transporting goods faster, cheaper, and more reliable, expanding markets and encouraging trade.

Question 10: How did the Industrial Revolution influence global interactions and imperialism?

Answer: It increased demand for raw materials and new markets, leading to European imperial expansion into Asia, Africa, and the Americas to secure resources and markets.